Methods for handling interface problems have been developed, through volume-of-fluid and level-set methods, but such methods are not naturally suited to mass conservation. For many applications multi-processing is standard, and for complex geometries mesh generation is a time-consuming preliminary activity. The methods are mesh based with a range of turbulence models generally available with various codes, e.g. This can be necessary to resolve multi-scale aspects of turbulent flow.Ĭomputational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an established capability in most areas of engineering: aerospace, automotive, nuclear, chemical, offshore, marine, hydraulic, etc. Recent advances are improving convergence to fourth order (and higher) and these will also be outlined. In the state of the art, convergence is typically between the first- and second-order theoretical limits. Applications are diverse and encompass wave–structure interaction, geophysical flows due to landslides, nuclear sludge flows, welding, gearbox flows and many others. While the method is computationally demanding on conventional processors, it is well suited to parallel processing on massively parallel computing and graphics processing units. Now numerical convergence studies are standard. This was effectively removed in the incompressible (divergence-free) form which followed since then the weakly compressible form has been advanced, reducing pressure noise.
The early method was of weakly compressible form resulting in noisy pressures due to spurious pressure waves. While original applications were in astrophysics, early engineering applications showed the versatility and robustness of the method without emphasis on accuracy and convergence.
As a mesh-free Lagrangian method suitable for complex flows with interfaces and multiple phases, SPH has developed considerably in the past decade.
This paper presents a review of the progress of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) towards high-order converged simulations.
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